Marx`s Labour Essays - Marxist Theory, Marxism, Karl Marx

Marx`s Labour Description: This paper discusses Marx's argument on "estranged labour." This is a rather microcosmic topic but it is important because estranged labour is the basis for all of Marx's writing, most importantly, 'The Communist Manifesto.' Revealing Marx In Karl Marx's early writing on "estranged labour" there is a clear and prevailing focus on the plight of the labourer. Marx's writing on estranged labour is and attempt to draw a stark distinction between property owners and workers. In the writing Marx argues that the worker becomes estranged from his labour because he is not the recipient of the product he creates. As a result labour is objectified, that is labour becomes the object of mans existence. As labour is objectified man becomes disillusioned and enslaved. Marx argues that man becomes to be viewed as a commodity worth only the labour he creates and man is further reduced to a subsisting animal void of any capacity of freedom except the will to labour. For Marx this all leads to the emergence of private property, the enemy of the proletariat. In fact Marx's writing on estranged labour is a repudiation of private property- a warning of how private property enslaves the worker. This writing on estranged labour is an obvious point of basis for Marx's Communist Manifesto. The purpose of this paper is to view Marx's concept of alienation (estranged labour) and how it limits freedom. For Marx man's freedom is relinquished or in fact wrested from his true nature once he becomes a labourer. This process is thoroughly explained throughout Estranged Labour. This study will reveal this process and argue it's validity. Appendant to this study on alienation there will be a micro-study which will attempt to ascertain Marx's view of freedom (i.e. positive or negative). The study on alienation in conjunction with the micro-study on Marx's view of freedom will help not only reveal why Marx feels labour limits mans freedom, but it will also identify exactly what kind of freedom is being limited. Estranged Labour Karl Marx identifies estranged labour as labour alien to man. Marx explains the condition of estranged labour as the result of man participating in an institution alien to his nature. It is my interpretation that man is alienated from his labour because he is not the reaper of what he sows. Because he is never the recipient of his efforts the labourer lacks identity with what he creates. For Marx then labour is "alien to the worker...[and]...does not belong to his essential being." Marx identifies two explanations of why mans lack of identity with labour leads him to be estranged from labour. (1) "[The labourer] does not develop freely his physical and mental energy, but instead mortifies his mind." In other words labour fails to nurture mans physical and mental capacities and instead drains them. Because the worker is denied any nurturing in his work no intimacy between the worker and his work develops. Lacking an intimate relation with what he creates man is summarily estranged from his labour. (2) Labour estranges man from himself. Marx argues that the labour the worker produces does not belong to him, but to someone else. Given this condition the labourer belongs to someone else and is therefore enslaved. As a result of being enslaved the worker is reduced to a "subsisting animal", a condition alien to him. As an end result man is estranged from himself and is entirely mortified. Marx points to these to situations as the reason man is essentially estranged from his labour. The incongruency between the world of things the worker creates and the world the worker lives in is the estrangement. Marx argues that the worker first realizes he is estranged from his labour when it is apparent he cannot attain what he appropriates. As a result of this realization the objectification of labour occurs. For the worker the labour becomes an object, something shapeless and unidentifiable. Because labour is objectified, the labourer begins to identify the product of labour as labour. In other words all the worker can identify as a product of his labour, given the condition of what he produces as a shapeless, unidentifiable object, is labour. The worker is then left with only labour as the end product of his efforts. The emerging condition is that he works to create more work. For Marx the monotonous redundancy of this condition is highly detrimental because the worker loses himself in his efforts. He argues that this situation is analogous to a man and his religion. Marx writes, "The more

128 Words You Can Use Instead of Very

128 Words You Can Use Instead of Very Developing your professional reputation has a lot to do with the way you communicate with the people around you. The way you communicate can make or break your reputation. Sometimes the smallest things you say can have a drastic impact on how you are perceived. For instance, take the word â€Å"very†. We’ve all used â€Å"very† to describe things. Very big, very small, very good, very powerful, etc. But these are great examples of your language being overly simplistic. Even if you have an advanced degree in English literature, if you use the word â€Å"very† to describe something, then people may perceive you as someone who lacks an advanced understanding of the English language. That being said, we’ve found an infographic detailing 128 words you can use instead of â€Å"very†.   These words should be used in  it’s place  when you are in formal situations  such as the workplace.Source: [ProofReadingServices]

12 Angry Men

12 Angry Men Essay Twelve Angry Men is a classic movie depicting how one determined leader can alter an entire crowd. Through dedication, curiosity, and the pursuit for the truth he is able to persuade a group of twelve to second guess even themselves. Within this heterogynous group are a dozen different personalities some of which were leaders and most of which were not. The strongest leader in this movie by far is the Architect in the White Suit. Right off from the beginning at the original vote the Architect stated clearly his position in the matter. Against the rest of the group he strongly held his ground and fought for what he believed. Most people in his position would have changed their opinion immediately after realizing that he was completely outnumbered. However he continued to argue his points and reiterate the reasons why evidence needed to be questioned. His mind was simply brilliant. As he sat there listening to the other jurors reasoning he always found a way to prove them wrong or make them question themselves. Whether it was through logic, mathematical reasoning, or questioning of evidence he seemed to always wow the other jurors. His strength as a leader is that he is a natural born one. He wasnt trying to look smart or impress anyone. He simply was doing what he was born to do. He used both pushing and pulling tactics to influence his peers. His strongest tactic was the usage of rational persuasion. While other jurors were able to dismiss facts without consideration, he immediately noted a potential fault. Through the analysis of facts he was able to convince others to reconsider. One of the most notable discrepancies he proved was that of the witness across the street. Through common noises, known train speeds, and common knowledge he proved that the witness was anything but one. The architect also uses inspirational appeal to convince his colleagues. He makes the other jurors consider the humanity of the situation. A mans life is at stake and he realizes the impact that his decision as well the rest of theirs will have on the man. The importance of values is portrayed. Likewise he keeps his own position non-emotional stating that he will concur with the group about the guilt, but only if they can convince him that he should. Additionally, he uses consultation to try to help the group to come to a consensus. He seeks group participation to make the ultimate decision. Whereas others are set in their opinion perhaps based on the social normality of it (I.e. to fit in with the rest of the group), he is out to find the true belief of the individual juror. As with the inspirational appeal, he expresses his willingness to modify his decision based on what they discuss. Another influential leader is the Angry Father. He acted as the leader for the people who believed the defendant was guilty. He, like the Architect, is a natural born leader. He loudly argued his opinions about the case and refused to back down from his stance. Even in the end when he was completely out numbered he fought for his belief despite the persuasion of others. He couldnt care less what they thought of him. He was there to do his job and wouldnt be easily influenced by others. He perhaps was influenced by the pulling tactics. He used the tactics of legitimating. He tried to convince the group that they were there to protect democracy. A man had committed murder and needed to be punished for it. He was so overshadowed by the rules that he missed the humanity in the situation. He was in effect referencing the higher authority and the rules that needed to be followed. The government says that a murderer must be punished and he was going to see to it. He also uses pushing tactics with pressure. He threateningly reminds the other that a murder has occurred and that the accused must be punished. READ: The struggle for personal identity Essay He makes them feel guilty when they even consider for a moment that the accused may be not at fault. When the jurors slowly change their minds he becomes very defensive and tries to make the .

Advance Directives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advance Directives - Essay Example End-of-life wishes are not common among many people. This is because individuals allow life to take its natural course. In the process, aggressive care is provided until life is lost, whether or not the illness is terminal. Moreover, many people fail to draft a living will citing ethical concerns in the society. For others, executing advance directives is deemed to conflict with the essence of medicine. As a result, majority of people shun advance directives. In order to complete an advance directive, it is important for people to know what it takes or entails to make an end-of-life decision (Understanding Advance Directives). More people will complete advance directives following a vibrant awareness creation. Without awareness, people will continue to shun advance directives. On the same note, understanding the complexities surrounding a terminal illness is critical. Costs keep accumulating as the patient nears death every day that passes. It is, therefore, important for people to understand the ethics, rights, and benefits associated with end-of-life

Dependant on question picked from below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dependant on question picked from below - Essay Example This essay examines masculinity in current society and considers whether it acts as a source of anxiety for men. There are significant differences between the genders in the way that people behave and what is expected of them. For example, it is widely recognised that males and females behave in different ways. Behavioural research has shown that males are more likely to take risks and be competitive than females . Another aspect where behaviour differs is in terms of health beliefs and behaviour that promotes good health. While females respond well to interventions that are designed to improve health, males show strong resistance. These differences are strongly associated with the perception of masculinity . Most considerations of masculinity and femininity begin with the basic assumption that men are one thing and women are something else. They are two opposites, dichotomies, distinct from one another in numerous ways. Traditional perceptions of males and females often consider tha t men are defined as themselves, while women are considered by what they do not have compared to males. Although feminism has made much progression in the area of females being considered inferior, or lacking, there is still an underlying notion that males and females are distinct from one another . How valid is this assumption? Biologically men and women are distinct from one another (with a few exceptions that are the result of chromosomal abnormalities), but does this difference in physical characteristics correspond to distinct sexual identities, one for each gender? The standard formula is for two distinct identities. On average, most men behave in a manner that is considered to be male or masculine. They wear pants, they do not wear makeup, most do not show emotions and a large number exhibit a rugged demeanour where they attempt to be strong. Likewise, women tend to be different. However, there are many people in society for whom these traditional images of males and females do not explain their behaviour patterns. For example, transsexuals are of one distinct physical gender, but behave as if they are the opposite. This is most commonly recognised in males, such as men who dress in female clothing and wear makeup . There are less extreme examples of this also. Some men are highly emotional, while others focus strongly on clothing or skin appearance, in a way that is more strongly associated with females. Therefore, within modern society, there are many different images of gender, from the typical perceptions of male and female, to those that do not conform to the recognised ‘rules’. What is masculinity in this context? Does it still exist, or are gender perceptions so fluid that there is no distinction between male and female gender identities. To understand this, it is important to first consider the concepts of masculinity and femininity and how these are perceived in modern society. Masculinity As a concept, masculinity can be difficult to define, as it means different things to different people, and it is an idea that continues to change and grow. A typical male of the 1960s is very little like the typical male of the modern era. Furthermore, the presence of people who defy gender boundaries

Assessment and Students Essay Example for Free

Assessment and Students Essay The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate assessment as a factor that affects learning in placement areas. I am a qualified midwife who works for an NHS Trust but find it hard to deal with struggling students, through assessment. According to NMC (2006) the term mentor is used to denote the role of a Nurse or Midwife who facilitates learning and supervises and assesses students in practice places. I shall be referring to the standard of Assessment in practice. As a qualified midwife, I know the importance of assessment but not very sure on how to go about it, yet to achieve a better professional of tomorrow, mentors need to master good ways of doing this. Assessment is something we do before undertaking any process of instruction and again at the end of a practice placement. It is however a way of collecting, measuring and interpreting of information relating to a learner’s response the process of instruction Hand (2006). There are three ways of assessing used in health and social care formative, summative and continuous There are a variety of student, teacher and environment factors that can affect the quality of learning like, lack of assessment is one of those factors that affect learning Adult learning is a complex field with many different theories and can be daunting for mentors, however. Anderson (2011) states the need to have an understanding of intellectual, physical and attitudinal processes involved in adult learning to support and assess students in practice. Most students nursing students will achieve the proficiency standards they need to register but mentors may be faced with students whose performance is weak, while these may be in the minority, evidence suggests that mentors find this one of the most challenging aspects of their role Duffy (2004). The NMC Standards to support learning and assessment in practice (2006) identified mentors’ responsibility in supporting and assessing nursing and midwifery students. The standards emphasise mentors’ role in managing the failing students. Within pre-registration nursing and midwifery education programmes, clinical competence is verified via continuous assessment in practice. Mentors assess competence in practice and have a responsibility to confirm that students are capable of a safe and effective practice, NMC (2006). This requires them to identify underperforming students and manage the situation appropriately. Duffy (2004) identified that one of the reason mentors ‘fail to fail’ students in practice is lack of knowledge of the assessment process. Students may react with anger/ aggression and denial, and may verbally abuse their mentor. They may react by blaming others, or even the previous mentor. Some students may be relieved and willing to accept a failed assessment. Failure can have a positive or negative outcome which is why some mentors may chose to avoid the assessment to avoid stress that is accompanied with failing a student. Duffy (2004) also states that this can leave the mentor feeling sad, anger, exhaustion or relief. Although failing students may have emotional consequences on the whole team, it is important that mentors do not avoid these situations by passing them when they feel that they have not achieved the outcome required of them whatever the reason. CONCLUSSION I have enjoyed looking at assessment as an aspect of mentorship, as I had to look at my own practice; it has opened my eyes in prioritising what is important and what is not. I have always known myself as someone who is not as assertive as I ought to be, and sometimes feel sorry or even scared of the reaction and thought I may end up passing a student who has failed. The NMC Code of professional conduct (2004) states that nurses and midwives on professional register have the duty to facilitate students of nursing and midwifery and others to develop their competence. By passing a failed student, you are not keeping to this code of conduct, and also by passing them; you are making your own work a lot harder as you will have to work with an incompetent professional tomorrow.

Depictions of Beauty in the Victorian Era :: British History Essays

Depictions of Beauty in the Victorian Era Missing Works Cited       "What is beauty anyway? There's no such thing." (Pablo Picasso) The Victorians' obsession with physical appearance has been well documented by scholars. This was a society in which one's clothing was an immediate indication of what one did for a living (and by extension, one's station in life). It was a world, as John Reed puts it, "where things were as they seemed" (312). So it is not surprising to find that the Victorians also placed great faith in bodily appearance. To the Victorians, a face and figure could reveal the inner thoughts and emotions of the individual as reliably as clothing indicated his occupation. There is abundant evidence of the pervasiveness of this belief in the literature of the period. According to Reed, "Victorian literature abounds with expressions of faith in physiognomy" (336). He quotes a passage from Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre to prove the point: "Jane Eyre, for example, trusts her initial perception of Rochester, whose brow 'showed a solid enough mass of intellectual organs, but an abrupt deficiency where the suave sign of benevolence should have risen'" (146; ch. 14, Reed 336). In the Victorian novel, physical appearance was a primary means of characterization (Lefkovitz 1). A hero or heroine's beauty (or lack thereof) was probably the most important aspect of his or character. As Lefkovitz points out, beauty is always culturally defined. How then, did the Victorians define it? For women, that definition is a strange mixture of ideals. The Victorians admired both the strong, hearty, statuesque lady (modeled on Queen Victoria herself) and the weak, fainting beauty, who Lefkovitz uses the French word mourante to define: "dying, languishing, expiring, fainting, fading" (36). The former type was most popular in the first half of the century, according to Federico: A woman's body in the first decade of the century was . . . under considerable scrutiny, and the ideal against which she was measured was tall and statuesque, stately, elegant, refined . . . nothing is considered so outre [excessive] as a slender waist, while the en bon point is the ne plus ultra [utmost point; meaning a towering, powerful-looking woman] of feminine proportions. (30) Many writers embraced this strong, sculpted, large-bodied female type, if only to use her as a comparison to the more delicate beauty that became popular later. According to Lefkovitz, the two conventions meet (and clash) in George Eliot's Adam Bede: "Bessy Cranage .

Innocence Betrayed: Critical Moments In The Life Of An Enslaved Girl Essay

The story of Harriet Jacobs is one of the most compelling works of literature published in the nineteenth-century. Hers is the narrative of physical torture and psychological abuse coupled with triumphs over adversity in a southern world where oppression was the norm. From the outset, Jacobs made it clear that her â€Å"narrative was no fiction ( 3). † Jacobs’s chronicling of her experiences, like that of so many other countless enslaved people, was cathartic. Remembering and writing made it possible for her to take responsibility for the events surrounding her life and, in so doing, begin the process of healing. One could argue that in publishing her critique she had led an insurrection, an act of defiance not easily thwarted in the safer haven of the north. Jacobs’s tale is distinct from other slave narratives of the period in that her analytical framework places gender at the center of the discussion. In her work, women, in general, black women, in particular, constitute what editor Nell Irvin Painter describes as a â€Å"self-consciously gendered and thoroughly feminist ( IX) story. † The Jacobs narrative is also an intriguing examination of the slave system. Jacobs’s project was to alert and recruit northern women in her effort to expose the â€Å"foul† system that indelibly harmed its victims white and black. According to her editor: this Peculiar phase of slavery has generally been kept veiled; but the public ought to be made acquainted with its monstrous features, and I willingly take the responsibility of presenting them with the veil withdrawn. ( 6) The significance of Jacobs’s work is that it raised consciousness. It forced northern white men to publicly oppose their southern white counterparts while the project itself relieved her of constantly being haunted by a life lived in shame and humiliation. The Jacobs narrative is a slave girl’s story embedded in a woman’s discussion about freedom. Harriet Ann Jacobs was born in Edenton, North Carolina on the Chowan River located near the Albemarle Sound in the eastern portion of the state. It was a region famous for its large planter class, many of whom owned huge plantations with numerous slaves. She, and her brother John, were the offspring of Elijah, a skilled carpenter, and Delilah. Elijah and Delilah Jacobs, the slaves of a white farmer, managed to keep the family together aided by Molly Horniblow, Delilah’s mother, a chef, and a respected and influential member of the Edenton community. At the age of six, after the death of her mother in 1819, Jacobs went to live with Margaret Horniblow, a white mistress who taught her to sew, read, and write. In 1825 Margaret died and, in 1826, Elijah passed away. She was then transferred to Margaret’s sister’s three year old daughter, and the niece of her nemesis, Dr. James Norcom. Dr. Norcom who appears as Dr. Flint in the story psychologically abused Jacobs when a young girl in the Norcom household. In protection of her life and reputation, she voluntarily became sexually involved with a prominent white lawyer in Edenton, Samuel Treadwell Sawyer. Together they produced two children, Joseph and Louisa Matilda. Because slavery was both a labor and social system, their children belonged to Norcom although Sawyer would later purchase them and Jacobs’s brother, John. But in a drastic attempt to protect her and her children from the wrath of both Mr. and Mrs. Norcom, Jacobs hid in the crawlspace of Grandmother Molly’s house for seven years during which time she perfected her reading and writing skills, and nurtured her children. In 1842 Harriet escaped the bondage of slavery by going to New York and later Boston. In the north she reunited with her children and, although technically free, she continued to live in fear of being captured by slave patrols following the mandates of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a law that allowed southern masters to recapture their runaway â€Å"property† and re-enslave them. Luckily for Jacobs that, in 1852, her employer, Cornelia Grinnell Willis, purchased her freedom from the Norcoms and it was during this period that Amy Post, a Quaker and abolitionist, convinced her to tell the story of her slavery and freedom. Post, with whom Jacobs had confided, may have been successful because Harriet Beecher Stowe had refused her (Jacob’s) suggestion that she serve as an amanuensis. Later she met abolitionist, Lydia Maria Child, who aided Jacobs in completing what would be the single most important work in her career; Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published pseudonymously as Linda Brent in 1861. The book brought Jacobs some measure of fame particularly with northern women concerned about the amoral activities associated with the south’s â€Å"Peculiar Institution. † Not distracted by her literary success, Jacobs continued to support the cause of freedom by assisting her daughter in aiding Union soldiers during the Civil War. She later established a Free School in Alexandria, Virginia, traveled south on numerous occasions, and made one note worthy trip to England. She ended her long life as a former slave girl by becoming a relief worker in Washington, D. C. where she died on March 7, 1897. It was only fitting that Jacobs’s life would end in the nation’s capitol where just miles away stood one of the largest slave auctioneers in the union. Much like the slaves who were sold, she undressed and exposed the events of her life for all to see. She was direct and deliberate in her delineation of the facts. She not only showed how she was used as a sexual object but also revealed how she used her sexuality to determine who would be her master in bed. Her story of family and motherhood highlighted the falsity in the notion that slaves were inhuman and therefore had no capacity to love or be loved. Jacobs’s essay is also about white women who lived and slept with masters who violated young female slaves. They also endured the public humiliation and hatred which stemmed from the children that resulted from these plantation liaisons. What an awful situation, she wrote, â€Å"to wake up in the dead of night and find a jealous woman bending over you (38). † Yet when Jacobs found a free black man whom she loved and who loved her, old Master Norcom, forty years her senior, refused to allow them to marry but, instead, offered to build Jacobs a hut. Plantation slavery was a world in which even an enslaved woman’s beauty could be a curse. According to Jacobs, â€Å"if God has bestowed beauty upon her it will prove her greatest curse (31). † Jacobs showed her audiences, north and south, what it meant to have alternatives and choices. The privilege of choosing a lover that met with her satisfaction, to run away or stay, to give birth, and the privilege of deciding to write a scathing indictment of the system that stole her innocence are themes that resonated with Jacobs’s readers. Her work reminds us that freedom is never free and that the greatest price may have been her memories of oppression. Works Cited Painter, Nell Irvin, ed. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs. New York: Penguin Books, 2000 [1861].

Concept of Epigenetics

The basic concept of epigenetic is a simple pattern for human development. There are different marks needed to expedite these marks which some include encoding RONA'S, DNA meditation and even CPA denunciations. Epigenetic work very complicated they maintain the cell cycle which changes the differences when it comes to expressing genes without changing the DNA sequence.When dealing with germ cells and the developing embryo the reprogramming and remaking the right amount of epigenetic when it comes to the major time periods of placement in cell types. The early regulation of development includes the X- chromosome being active and starts to imprint they will eventually change in time respectively. Disorders- There could be lots of disorders that can be lead by epigenetic like Subjectivity and imprinting disorders to humans. Also plenty of Phenotype variation that runs from normal variation to human disease/disorders. There are lots of environmental affects to the human and offspring.The re have been studies that nutrition has something to do with the death rate with articulators disease and diseases which could be passed on from offspring to offspring whether its dads side or moms. Studies show that if a father doesn't have enough food or nutrients in a certain period of time most likely when hitting puberty his offspring are less likely to die from cardiovascular diseases. Surprisingly if food is plenty for a certain period time then offspring are more likely to get disease. Changes in diet can change genes which are then passed down to offspring from male.Technology- Plenty of changes to epigenetic technology. Some of these changes include how processes not Just at specific genes but can also study the changes in epigenetic that Just occurred. There have also been techniques used to assess the enzymes which make it easier for people using the machine and trying to study the enzymes. Issues Economical- This field of epigenetic has been growing and researchers say that this means that the market for investors will open up. There is a project called â€Å"The Cancer Genome Atlas† this project made $50 million from different institutes.This project also made a grant total of $3. 5 million which has a goal in mind that epigenetic changes that cause cancer. Souses comment that this money is small and will grow in the coming years. Companies have been making epigenetic drugs for the public and to put on the market, but this is tough for people to reach since epigenetic is infancy. Political- Some people could take advantages from this issue and may benefit them while it will be the complete opposite for others. There will be privacy issues to play in on an individual. The law system doesn't have any for epigenetic data.With this the digitization of medical records which holds a lot of information of a person could be stolen/lost a lot more significantly numbers could be increasing. Societal- Environmental changes can happen since there are epigenetic phenomena. Plenty of these changes are made in the beginning of one's development and can have a major impact for a individuals life span. Lots of evidence that epigenetic types can be generational inherited in animals as well. But on the other hand gives the inheritance a longer life span. Environmental and Ethical IssuesEpigenetic can cause lots of diseases to offspring's. The epigenetic causes effects in fetus which can have obesity and have a shorter life span. It can have a major response to the environment and can intake during pregnancy or the growth of a child. During puberty for both genders male and female both directly have impact the health of subsequent offspring due to the DNA patterns. This mechanism if changed the availability of methodology or changing enzymes could have a major effect. But a solution to this would be a UN-balanced protector energy restricted diet an help epigenetic marks.Diagrams Sources I think my sources were pretty reliable considerin g they were from research groups or university researchers. I would give them plenty of credit since I had no previous knowledge on this topic but after reading a couple of articles I got the basic idea behind the technology. Other websites got into to much detail or were too complicated to read and didn't really talk about the major points. The websites I was on were written by doctors and medical students that have knowledge on epigenetic and know if its trending in the future or not.

The fall of Mussolini in 1943 Essays

The fall of Mussolini in 1943 Essays The fall of Mussolini in 1943 Essay The fall of Mussolini in 1943 Essay From his coming to power in 1922 Mussolini had one clear policy that would play a major part in how he ruled Italy for the next twenty one years.His vision was to raise Italys prestige in the eyes of the world and attempt to re -create an empire to rival that of Ancient Rome.To achieve this, various policies were introduced to revolutionise and influence most parts of Italian Industry and society, in an eventual attempt to transform Italy into a self -sufficient nation, from this basis point Mussolini could then follow his colonial and imperial ambitions for enlarging the Italian empire.However, opportunities such as the World War Two soon showed Italy was unable to maintain a modern war machine, and this under -preparation clearly had its foundations in various failed economic and social policies that had been When Mussolini came to power in 1922 the Italian economy was backward compared with the rest of Western Europe, and its industries, though steadily growing, needed developme nt and were centralised in the northern part of the country.Indeed half the population still made its living by farming and agriculture and even this was flawed by the fact land was not available for everyone.However, Mussolini had little knowledge or interest in the economy as a whole and adopted policies that were relatively short -term and aimed at making Italy self -sufficient in the event of war.Such policies as the Battle for wheat did enjoy some success and wheat production had doubled by 1939, however the land used had to be taken from traditional growing sites such as olives and fruit which eventually reduced income from these products.Mussolinis other major effort for self -sufficiency; the battle for land was also mostly a failure.Indeed marsh land was reclaimed and provided thousands of jobs but the amount of land was limited and the crop output made little difference to the

Spillover Benefits Versus the Free-rider Problem Essay

Spillover Benefits Versus the Free-rider Problem - Essay Example The government should make such legislations in order to avoid this problem as these may eventually lead to the destruction of economical infrastructure. Spillover benefits versus the Free Rider problem Societies, people, environments go through many negative & positive situations due to different circumstances that occur. By positive effects it means the benefits & advantages enjoyed by them when come along the way, & by negative effects it means the harmful & dangerous effects which are imposed over them. These positive & negative effects are directly related in some cases, but it may have an indirect effect on other people or surroundings due to someone else. Such external or indirect effects are termed as externalities or spillover effects. Spillover is defined here to mean – â€Å"indirect or unexpected benefits to other users from the up-take of research, including consumer surpluses generated through competition and diffusion of knowledge through development of technic al skills. These benefits can also arise from the creation of new knowledge platforms that substantially modify processes, products or services†. (Spillover benefits from TBGs. ... The chemical that is released from the factory directly affects those people who are not affiliated with the factory. Hence they have to pay a price or cost of being the residents of that area although they have no concern or advantages from the factory. Such effects are termed as negative spillover effects or spillover costs. On the other hand, when someone enjoys particular benefits from such a thing or process through which he/she is not directly related with, it is termed as positive spillover effects or spillover benefits. There can be many examples set in this regard; the trade agreements between any two countries or organizations directly affect the persons who are involved in import-export business, although there has been no force from their side to make such an agreement. Hence they enjoy the benefits by spending nothing from themselves. Other examples may include education, which train youngsters how to be a good & beneficial citizen of the society, hence the more children get educated in these terms, the more society would benefit as the crime rate will reduce and there would be enough peace in the country. Through proper education, more skilled workers will enter into the market which will thus make good quality products & provide better services to their employers. These spillover benefits, when exceed through a certain limits, are also termed as the â€Å"free rider problem†, derived from the concept of someone riding in a public transport without paying its fare. Hence all such people who enjoy the spillover benefits are called free riders. The free rider problem is of great concern all over the world, since there are a huge number of people who consume such resources

Mareting and design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mareting and design - Essay Example des the customer with a quality product which satisfies his needs, making it as one of the key reasons that brands still enjoy the popularity amongst its customers and at the same time, attract fresh clientele. The paper would be discussing the ways The Body Shop uses its brand to gain leverage against it competitors in the market and create a niche market position. The Body Shop was founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick, a social activist and environmentalist, who believed that using the natural ingredients are the best way to take care of the body and remain beautiful. It makes a huge range of body care products from natural ingredients from across the world and caters to people of all strata. There are around 700 products under different categories such as: facial skin care; make-up; bath and body; hair; fragrance; gifts and accessories (BodyShop). The products can further be categorized as per the natural ingredients like aloe Aloe Vera cream, musk oil etc. The company was taken over by L’Oreal in 2006 but has retained it brand name. The company prides in using natural products from all corners of the world and contributes to sustainable business practices by ensuring that the ingredients used in the products are from sustainable source where deforestation is not involved or cruelty to animals has not been part of business process. It subscribe to humane cosmetic standard and works towards the welfare of animals and community. Brand can broadly be defined in terms of name, symbol or design that identifies product and services of particular company which can be clearly differentiated from other products in the same category. Brand delivers value and provides the companies with competitive advantage to gain a niche market position. Kotler asserts that in the contemporary environment of highly competitive business, ‘brand building is needed because products are the same’ (Kotler, 2005). Brands ensure that they meet the changing requirements of the people.